Coffeehouse for a social history of coffee, and caffè for specifically Italian traditions.
Most widely known as coffeehouses or cafés, establishments serving prepared coffee or other hot beverages have existed for over five hundred years.Various legends involving the introduction of coffee to Istanbul at a "Kiva Han" in the late 15th century circulate in culinary tradition, but with no documentation.
Coffeehouses in Mecca soon became a concern as places for political gatherings to the imams who banned them, and the drink, for Muslims between 1512 and 1524. In 1530 the first coffee house was opened in Damascus,and not long after there were many coffee houses in Cairo.
In the 17th century, coffee appeared for the first time in Europe outside the Ottoman Empire, and coffeehouses were established and quickly became popular. The first coffeehouses in Western Europe appeared in Venice, a result of the traffic between La Serenissima and the Ottomans; the very first one is recorded in 1645. The first coffeehouse in England was set up in Oxford in 1650 by a Jewish man named Jacob in the building now known as "The Grand Cafe". A plaque on the wall still commemorates this and the Cafe is now a trendy cocktail bar.By 1675, there were more than 3,000 coffeehouses in England.
In 1672 an Armenian named Pascal established a coffee stall in Paris that was ultimately unsuccessful and the city had to wait until 1689 for its first coffeehouse when Procopio Cutò opened the Café Procope. This coffeehouse still exists today and was a major meeting place of the French Enlightenment; Voltaire, Rousseau, and Denis Diderot frequented it, and it is arguably the birthplace of the Encyclopédie, the first modern encyclopedia.America had its first coffeehouse in Boston, in 1676.Coffee, tea and beer were often served together in establishments which functioned both as coffeehouses and taverns; one such was the Green Dragon in Boston, where John Adams, James Otis and Paul Revere planned rebellion.
The modern espresso machine was born in Milan in 1945 by Achille Gaggia,and from there spread across coffeehouses and restaurants across Italy and the rest of Europe and North America in the early 1950s. An Italian named Pino Riservato opened the first espresso bar, the Moka Bar, in Soho in 1952, and there were 400 such bars in London alone by 1956. Cappucino was particularly popular among English drinkers.Similarly in the United States, the espresso craze spread. North Beach in San Francisco saw the opening of the Caffe Trieste in 1957, which saw Beat Generation poets such as Allan Ginsberg and Bob Kaufman alongside bemused Italian immigrants.Similar such cafes existed in Greenwich Village and elsewhere.
The first Peet, the Coffee & Tea shop in 1966 in Berkeley, California native Alfred Peet opened the Dutch. He decided, was to roast batches of fresh, higher quality beans than the norm to focus at the moment. He was a trainer and supplier of the founders of Starbucks.
The international coffee shop chain Starbucks began as a modest business selling quality coffee beans and roasting in Seattle in 1971 by three students Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl and Gordon Bowker. The first store opened on March 30, 1971, followed by a second and third in the next two years.Entrepreneur Howard Schultz joined the company in 1982 as Director of Retail Operations and Marketing, and met with ready-made espresso coffee to sell. The others hesitated, but Schultz opened Il Giornale in Seattle in April 1986.He bought the other owners in March 1987 and came to, with plans to expand in 1987 and renamed in late 1991, the chain (of Il Giornale to Starbucks ) expanded globally by more than 100 outlets.The company name graces over 16 600 branches in 40 countries.
The international coffee shop chain Starbucks began as a modest business selling quality coffee beans and roasting in Seattle in 1971 by three students Jerry Baldwin, Zev Siegl and Gordon Bowker. The first store opened on March 30, 1971, followed by a second and third in the next two years.Entrepreneur Howard Schultz joined the company in 1982 as Director of Retail Operations and Marketing, and met with ready-made espresso coffee to sell. The others hesitated, but Schultz opened Il Giornale in Seattle in April 1986.He bought the other owners in March 1987 and came to, with plans to expand in 1987 and renamed in late 1991, the chain (of Il Giornale to Starbucks ) expanded globally by more than 100 outlets.The company name graces over 16 600 branches in 40 countries.
Prohibition
Coffee was initially used for spiritual reasons. At least 1,100 years ago, coffee dealers across the Red Sea into Arabia (modern Yemen) where Muslim dervishes began cultivating the shrub in the garden. In the beginning, the Arabs that wine from the pulp of the fermented coffee berries. This drink was used as qishr (kisher in modern usage) and was known for religious ceremonies.
Coffee drinking is prohibited by jurists and scholars (ulama) meeting in Mecca in 1511 as haram, but whether it was exciting it was warm in the next 30 years, discussed the ban was finally in the middle of the 16th century.Use in religious rites tip led to the Sufi branch of Islam is said to have coffee on trial in Mecca: there, a heretical substance was accused, and the production and consumption were briefly repressed. It was later in the Ottoman Turkey under an edict of the Sultan Murad IV.Coffee considered as a Muslim drink was banned by the Ethiopian Orthodox Christians until as late as prohibited in 1889, is now considered a national drink of Ethiopia for people of all faiths. His early association in Europe with rebellious political activities led to Charles II ban coffee houses of January 1676 (despite the turmoil caused by the frost forced it to drop back to two days before the ban was in force). Frederick the Great banned in Germany in 1777, nationalistic and economic reasons, worried about the price of imports, he wanted to restore public beer.Lacking forcing coffee-producing colonies consume, Germany already had his coffee at a high price to import.
Coffee drinking is prohibited by jurists and scholars (ulama) meeting in Mecca in 1511 as haram, but whether it was exciting it was warm in the next 30 years, discussed the ban was finally in the middle of the 16th century.Use in religious rites tip led to the Sufi branch of Islam is said to have coffee on trial in Mecca: there, a heretical substance was accused, and the production and consumption were briefly repressed. It was later in the Ottoman Turkey under an edict of the Sultan Murad IV.Coffee considered as a Muslim drink was banned by the Ethiopian Orthodox Christians until as late as prohibited in 1889, is now considered a national drink of Ethiopia for people of all faiths. His early association in Europe with rebellious political activities led to Charles II ban coffee houses of January 1676 (despite the turmoil caused by the frost forced it to drop back to two days before the ban was in force). Frederick the Great banned in Germany in 1777, nationalistic and economic reasons, worried about the price of imports, he wanted to restore public beer.Lacking forcing coffee-producing colonies consume, Germany already had his coffee at a high price to import.
A contemporary example of the religious ban on coffee can in the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day finding. The organization states that both physically and mentally unhealthy it is to consume coffee.This comes from the teachings of the Mormon health, named in 1833 by Mormon founder Joseph Smith in a revelation of the Word of Wisdom. It is not to identify coffee by name, but also the statement that "hot drinks are not for the belly," which she interpreted to include both coffee and tea to prohibit.
Some members of the Seventh-day Adventists also avoid caffeinated beverages. In his teachings, the church encourages members to tea and coffee and other stimulants to avoid. Abstinence from coffee, tobacco and alcohol, many of Adventists have a unique opportunity for close study in this population about the health effects of coffee are exported without confounding factors, granted. One study found along a weak but statistically significant association between coffee consumption and mortality from ischemic heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases, all cardiovascular diseases and all causes of death show.
Some members of the Seventh-day Adventists also avoid caffeinated beverages. In his teachings, the church encourages members to tea and coffee and other stimulants to avoid. Abstinence from coffee, tobacco and alcohol, many of Adventists have a unique opportunity for close study in this population about the health effects of coffee are exported without confounding factors, granted. One study found along a weak but statistically significant association between coffee consumption and mortality from ischemic heart disease and other cardiovascular diseases, all cardiovascular diseases and all causes of death show.
