Coffee production in Hawaii 1

The only state in the United States of America able to grow coffee plants commercially is Hawaii. However, it is not the only coffee grown on U.S. soil; for example, Puerto Rico has had a coffee industry for some time, although it is not a state but a U.S. territory.Ramiro L. Colon worked in the coffee industry of Puerto Rico since 1925, for example.

History
Don Francisco de Paula y Marin recorded in his diary on January 21, 1813, that he coffee seedlings planted on the island of Oahu, but not much is known about the fate of this plantation. John Wilkinson, a gardener who was on HMS Blonde in 1825 under Captain Lord Byron, brought coffee plants in Brazil. Governor Boki a piece of land in the Manoa Valley on Oahu. However, Wilkinson deceased in March 1827, and the trees do not thrive. Some cuttings are taken in other areas around Honolulu. Some plants are also grown from Manila by Richard Charlton, the British consul.

Other trees were placed in the Kalihi and Niu Valleys near Honolulu, in 1828 or 1829th On the island of Hawaii Rev. Joseph Goodrich tried to coffee plants, to make the Hilo mission autonomously. Goodrich gardens planted on his 12 years at Hilo, and taught classes for native Hawaiians to both grow for money at the mission, but also vegetables and tropical fruits for their own meals to support.

Ds. Samuel Ruggles (1795-1871) carried out a number of cuttings of coffee from the Kona district, as he of Hilo on the eastern side of the island of Hawaii transferred to the church on the west side of Kealakekua in July 1828th Although it might be time to take root , would be most successful in this area

Coffee production in Brazil 4

Today Coffee plantations covers about 27,000 km2 (10,000 sq mi) of the country; of the approximately six billion trees, 74% are arabica and 26% robusta.The states São Paulo, Minas Gerais and Paraná are the largest producers due to suitable landscapes, climate and rich soil.Most plantations are harvested in the dry seasons of June through September.

As in other coffee producing countries, Brazil has a large population is involved in the harvest. About 3.5 million people working in industry, mostly in rural areas, the seven million direct and indirect jobs.The industry divided into two different groups, ground roasted coffee and instant coffee, produced with different structures and competitive patterns.The ground coffee market is highly competitive with more than 1,000 companies in 2001. In contrast, the instant coffee market with the four large companies accounting for 75% of market.Brazil the only high-volume producer subject to frost concentrated. Severe frost destroyed large crops in 1975 and 1994. The two frost in 1994, but also a shortage of water in 2001 had the world prices.The Brazilian Coffee Institute monitors the price of coffee by regulating the quantity grown and sold on the world.

Tariffs
The tariffs on coffee exports are generally low, but higher on finished products such as instant coffee. Brazil is not out of the preferential trade agreement that most coffee trade will benefit by. For example, the Brazilian exporters pay a rate of 7.5% in the EU, compared to 2% for SAP countries and 0% for the ACP countries. Exports to the United States free of duty, but the United States Federal Government supports Ecuador, Peru and Colombia, farmers in the context of the anti-drug initiative.

Coffee production in Brazil 3

Decline in global market share

Revenues from the coffee industry drove the Brazilian economy until the Great Depression in the 1930s,when the price plummeted from 22.5 cents per pound in 1929 to 8 cents per pound in 1931.The tax revenues generated by tariffs provided the vast majority of the money used to build roads, ports and communication systems and allowed for Brazil to maintain a positive trade balance.

The southeast plateau between São Paulo and Rio de Janeiro is the site of the Paraíba Valley, the once prosperous but recently abandoned coffee lands. The soil there is red and highly productive, it would go on producing coffee for 30 years, while other soil did not last more than 25 years. It is called terra roxa in Portuguese (English: purple soil) because Brazilians heard Italians call it terra rossa (English: red soil).

In the 1920s Brazil was a nearly monopolist of the international coffee market and supplied 80% of the world's coffee.The country's market share has steadily declined since the 1950s as global production has risen. As late as 1960 coffee still accounted for 60% of Brazil's total exports and the country remained dependent on the single crop despite decades of industrialization with support from the government.This number was as high as 90% in some years of the 19th century.

1990s deregulations

Vertical coordination changed in the 1990s following the deregulation of the coffee market in 1990. Up to this point the industry had simply neglected quality control management because government regulations favored scale economies. As a result coffee processors begun exploring higher quality segments in contrast to the traditionally lower quality.

Coffee production in Brazil 2

1880s coffee cycle

The coffee cycle that started in the 1880s ran for more than a century and contributed to the decline of slavery in favor of free labor, and unlike other exports such as brazilwood, sugar and gold, the coffee exports greatly contributed to the industrialization. The growing coffee industry attracted millions of immigrants to the southeast and transformed São Paulo from a small town to the largest industrial center in the developing world.The city had about 30,000 inhabitants in the 1850s, this number grew from 70,000 in 1890 to 240,000 in 1900. With one million inhabitants in the 1930s São Paulo surpassed Rio de Janeiro as the country's most populous city and most important industrial center.

 

1906 revaluation
The February 1906 "valorisation" is a clear example of the high impact on the federal policy of the State of São Paulo won from coffee production. The large selection of coffee, the price of coffee on the international market and even less money coming into the hands of growers. In view of the coffee industry and the interests of the local coffee elite, the government an average of determining the exchange rate to protect and prevent the rise and had a rich harvest to buy and then sell on the international market for a better opportunity. Once the price was about seven cents per pound, the first state to sell its surplus.The scheme led to a temporary increase in the price and encouraged the further expansion of coffee production sectors improvement scheme has been successful from the perspective of the planters and the Brazilian government, but led to a global oversupply and exacerbated the impact of the inevitable bust.

Coffee production in Brazil 1

Coffee production in Brazil is responsible for about a third of all coffee,making Brazil by far the world's largest producer, a position the country has held for the last 150 years. In 2007, 2,249,010 metric tonnes was produced,80% of it was arabica(species of coffee).Although Brazil is the world's largest coffee producer, Brazilian firms do not dominate the international coffee industry. The country's domestic coffee market is dominated by two US coffee processors, Sara Lee and Kraft Foods.

History

Coffee seeds had to be planted in the country as the plant is not indigenous to the Americas. The first coffee bush was planted in Brazil in 1727 in the state of Pará. According to the legend, the government of Brazil was looking for a cut of the coffee market and sent Lt. Col. Francisco de Melo Palheta to smuggle coffee seeds from French Guiana, ostensibly to mediate a border dispute. Instead of turning to the fortress-like coffee farms, Palheta used his personal attractions to persuade the First Lady of French Guiana. Unable to resist his charms, she gave him a bouquet spiked with seedlings at a state farewell dinner before he left for Brazil.

The coffee industry was dependent on slaves, in the first half of the 19th century 1.5 million slaves were imported to Brazil to fill the needs of slave labor on the coffee plantation in the southeast. As the foreign slave trade was finally abolished in Brazil 1850, the plantation owners instead turned to European immigrants to meet the demand of labor.

Coffee production in Colombia 3

The crisis that affected the large estates brought with it one of the most significant changes of the Colombian coffee industry. Since 1875 the number of small coffee producers had begun to grow in Santander as well as in some regions of Antioquia and in the region referred to as Viejo or Old Caldas. In the first decades of the 20th century a new model to develop coffee exports based on the rural economy had already been consolidated, supported by internal migration and the colonization of new territories in the center and western regions of the country, principally in the departments of Antioquia, Caldas, Valle, and in the northern part of Tolima. Both the expansion of this new coffee model and the crisis that affected the large estates allowed the western regions of Colombia to take the lead in the development of the coffee industry in the country.

This transformation was very favorable for the owners of the small coffee estates that were entering the coffee market. The cultivation of coffee was a very attractive option for local farmers, as it offered the possibility of making permanent and intensive use of the land. Under this productive model of the traditional agriculture, based on the slash and burn method, the land remained unproductive for long periods of time. In contrast, coffee offered the possibility of having an intense agriculture, without major technical requirements and without sacrificing the cultivation of subsistence crops, thus generating the conditions for the expansion of a new coffee culture, dominated by small farms.

Although this new breed of coffee farmers demonstrated a significant capacity to grow at the margin of current international prices, Colombia did not have a relatively important dynamism in the global market of this product. As can be observed in the following graph, during the period between 1905 and 1935 the coffee industry in Colombia grew dynamically thanks to the vision and long term politics derived from the creation of the National Federation of Coffee Growers of Colombia in 1927.

The union of local farmers and small producers around the Federation has permitted them to confront logistical and commercial difficulties that would not have been possible individually. With time and through the research made at Cenicafé, founded in 1938, and the Federation's agricultural Extension Service, improved cultivation systems. More efficient spatial patterns were developed that permitted the differentiation of the product and supported its quality. Currently the Land of Coffee in Colombia includes all of the mountain ranges and other mountainous regions of the country, and generates income for over 500,000 coffee farming families.

Coffee production in Colombia 2

Despite these early developments, the consolidation of coffee as a Colombian export did not come about until the second half of the 19th century. The great expansion that the world economy underwent at that time allowed Colombian landowners to find attractive opportunities in international markets. Little by little, the United States became the most important consumer of coffee in the world, while Germany and France became the most important markets in Europe.

The Colombian then landowners had already tried the new opportunities that the expansion of international markets by exploiting. Between 1850 and 1857 the country a significant increase in the tobacco-and quinine-export, and then learn and live cattle. These early efforts in the export of agricultural commodities proved to be vulnerable, they were in fact only reactionary attempts to achieve the highest profitability of the high international prices of the time, as attempts to create a strong and diversified export nation to create platform. The production of these sectors in period of decline, when the ends of their respective Bonanza international awards whatsoever, a real consolidation in the industry was prevented.

With the decline in international prices, the transition of 19 the 20th Century records, reduced the profitability of the large estates. As if this were not enough, the thousand days war, the space in the first years, the new century, is also adversely affected by the large landowners, making it impossible for them to their farms in good condition, this fact summarized fact that these manufacturers had to be made ​​in large quantities of foreign debt in order to further develop their plantations, which ultimately ruined. The coffee plantations of Santander and North Santander entered into crisis, and the estates of Cundinamarca and Antioquia stalled.